German noun gender

Der, die or das? What the endings tell you

German nouns are masculine (der), feminine (die) or neuter (das), and the article has to be learned with the word. But it is far from random: for many nouns the ending gives the gender away. The figures below are counted from the 1,520 nouns among the 5,000 most common German words.

Endings that predict the gender

Each row counts the nouns in the list with that ending and how many follow the pattern. The exceptions are listed in full, so you know exactly which ones to learn separately. A longer ending wins over a shorter one: Zeitung counts as an -ung noun, not an -e noun.

EndingGenderHow reliableCommon examplesExceptions in the list
-schaft die 19 of 19 · 100% die Gesellschaft, die Wirtschaft, die Mannschaft, die Wissenschaft Exceptions: none
-keit die 15 of 15 · 100% die Möglichkeit, die Tätigkeit, die Öffentlichkeit, die Nachhaltigkeit Exceptions: none
-tät die 12 of 12 · 100% die Universität, die Qualität, die Fakultät, die Mobilität Exceptions: none
-heit die 11 of 11 · 100% die Sicherheit, die Gesundheit, die Vergangenheit, die Mehrheit Exceptions: none
-enz die 8 of 8 · 100% die Intelligenz, die Konkurrenz, die Konferenz, die Kompetenz Exceptions: none
-anz die 5 of 5 · 100% die Bilanz, die Distanz, die Akzeptanz, die Allianz Exceptions: none
-ei die 5 of 5 · 100% die Polizei, die Partei, die Türkei, die Datei Exceptions: none
-ion die 46 of 47 · 98% die Region, die Situation, die Union, die Kommunikation Exceptions: das Stadion
-ie die 20 of 21 · 95% die Familie, die Studie, die Energie, die Pandemie Exceptions: das Cookie
-o das 13 of 14 · 93% das Auto, das Video, das Motto, das Risiko Exceptions: der Euro
-ik die 11 of 12 · 92% die Politik, die Musik, die Kritik, die Technik Exceptions: der Streik
-or der 8 of 9 · 89% der Professor, der Autor, der Direktor, der Bachelor Exceptions: das Labor
-ur die 12 of 14 · 86% die Kultur, die Natur, die Infrastruktur, die Tour Exceptions: das Abitur, der Regisseur
-ment das 6 of 7 · 86% das Engagement, das Management, das Parlament, das Instrument Exceptions: der Moment
-al das 9 of 11 · 82% das Personal, das Material, das Quartal, das Potenzial Exceptions: der Saal, der Deal

Endings are only shown when at least five nouns in the list have them. -chen and -lein (diminutives, always das: das Mädchen, das Brötchen) are too rare among the 5,000 most common words to count here, but the rule has no exceptions.

Compound nouns take the gender of their last part

German builds new nouns by joining old ones, and the last part decides the gender: die Arbeit + die Zeit → die Arbeitszeit, die Woche + das Ende → das Wochenende. Of the 192 compound nouns in the list whose last part is also in it, 190 follow this rule — the exceptions are der Aufwand (from die Wand) and das Gegenteil (from der Teil).

Three more patterns worth knowing

  • Male people and animals are usually der, female ones die: der Mann, die Frau, der Vater, die Mutter. The exception every learner meets early is das Mädchen — it ends in -chen, and the ending wins.
  • Days, months and seasons are der: der Montag, der Januar, der Sommer.
  • Verbs used as nouns are das: das Essen, das Leben, das Treffen.
  • The plural is always die, whatever the singular: der Tag → die Tage, das Kind → die Kinder.

The most common nouns of each gender

der masculine · 543 nouns
  1. Euroeuro
  2. Teilpart, piece
  3. Rahmenframe; framework, scope
  4. Schülerpupil, schoolboy; pupils
  5. Tagday
  6. Wegway, path, route
  7. Bereicharea, field, sector
  8. Fallcase; fall
All masculine nouns →
die feminine · 707 nouns
  1. Zeittime
  2. Uhrclock, watch; o'clock
  3. Stadttown, city
  4. Polizeipolice
  5. Arbeitwork, job
  6. Schuleschool
  7. Weltworld
  8. Verfügungdisposal (zur Verfügung)
All feminine nouns →
das neuter · 270 nouns
  1. Jahryear
  2. Prozentpercent
  3. Unternehmencompany, business; undertaking
  4. Endeend
  5. Thematopic, subject
  6. Beispielexample
  7. Zielgoal, aim; destination
  8. Landcountry; land; countryside
All neuter nouns →

Questions

Which is the most common gender in German?

Feminine. Of the 1,520 nouns in the 5,000 most common German words, 707 (47%) are die, 543 (36%) are der and 270 (18%) are das.

Is there a rule for der, die and das?

Not one rule, but the ending of a noun is a strong clue. Nouns ending in -ung are die in 224 of 226 cases in our list, and -schaft, -keit, -tät, -heit, -enz, -anz, -ei, -ung, -ion, -ie are die, der or das almost without exception. Compound nouns take the gender of their last part.

What gender are compound nouns?

The gender of the last part: die Arbeit + die Zeit gives die Arbeitszeit. In our list 190 of 192 compound nouns follow this rule.

What gender is the plural in German?

Every plural takes die, whatever the gender of the singular: der Tag, die Tage; das Kind, die Kinder.